Update on the first-line treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection in areas with high and low clarithromycin resistances.

Current international consensuses on Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy recommend that only regimens that reliably produce eradication rates of ⩾90% should be used for empirical treatment. The Real-world Practice & Expectation of Asia-Pacific Physicians and Patients in Helicobacter Pylori Eradication Survey also showed that the accepted minimal eradication rate in H. pylori -infected patients was 91%. According to efficacy prediction model, the per-protocol eradication rates of 7-day and 14-day standard triple therapies fall below 90% when clarithromycin resistance rate ⩾5%. Several strategies including bismuth-containing, non-bismuth-containing quadruple therapies (including sequential, concomitant, hybrid and reverse hybrid therapies), high-dose dual therapy and vonoprazan-based triple therapy have been proposed to increase the eradication rate of H. pylori infection. According to efficacy prediction model, the eradication rate of 14-day concomitant therapy, 14-day hybrid therapy and 7-day vonoprazan-based triple therapy is less than 90% if the frequency of clarithromycin-resistant strains is higher than 90%, 58% and 23%, respectively. To meet the recommendation of the consensus report and patients' expectation, local surveillance networks for resistance of H. pylori to clarithromycin are required to select appropriate eradication regimens in each geographic region. In areas with low (<5%) clarithromycin resistance (e.g. Sweden, Philippine, Myanmar and Bhutan), 7-day and 14-day standard triple therapies can be adopted for the first-line treatment of H. pylori infection with eradication rates of ⩾90%. In areas with high (⩾5%) clarithromycin resistance (most other countries worldwide) or unknown clarithromycin resistance, 14-day hybrid, 14-day reverse hybrid, 14-day concomitant and 10- to 14-day bismuth quadruple therapy can be used to treat H. pylori infection.