Using haplotype and QTL analysis to fix favorable alleles in diploid potato breeding.

At present, the potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) of international commerce is autotetraploid, and the complexity of this genetic system creates limitations for breeding. Diploid potato breeding has long been used for population improvement, and because of an improved understanding of the genetics of gametophytic self-incompatibility, there is now sustained interest in the development of uniform F 1 hybrid varieties based on inbred parents. We report here on the use of haplotype and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis in a modified backcrossing (BC) scheme, using primary dihaploids of S. tuberosum as the recurrent parental background. In Cycle 1, we selected XD3-36, a self-fertile F 2 individual homozygous for the self-compatibility gene Sli (S-locus inhibitor). Signatures of gametic and zygotic selection were observed at multiple loci in the F 2 generation, including Sli. In the BC 1 cycle, an F 1 population derived from XD3-36 showed a bimodal response for vine maturity, which led to the identification of late versus early alleles in XD3-36 for the gene CDF1 (Cycling DOF Factor 1). Greenhouse phenotypes and haplotype analysis were used to select a vigorous and self-fertile F 2 individual with 43% homozygosity, including for Sli and the early-maturing allele CDF1.3. Partially inbred lines from the BC 1 and BC 2 cycles have been used to initiate new cycles of selection, with the goal of reaching higher homozygosity while maintaining plant vigor, fertility, and yield.