Current insights and molecular docking studies of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
Ankit Kumar SinghAdarsh KumarSahil AroraRaj KumarAmita VermaHabibullah KhalilullahMariusz JaremkoAbdul-Hamid EmwasPradeep KumarPublished in: Chemical biology & drug design (2023)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a lethal disease that is prevalent worldwide. According to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) data, 38.4 million people worldwide were living with HIV in 2021. Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) is an excellent target for drug intervention. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) were the first class of approved antiretroviral drugs. Later, a new type of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) were approved as anti-HIV drugs. Zidovudine, didanosine, and stavudine are FDA-approved NRTIs, while nevirapine, efavirenz, and delavirdine are FDA-approved NNRTIs. Several agents are in clinical trials, including apricitabine, racivir, elvucitabine, doravirine, dapivirine, and elsulfavirine. This review addresses HIV-1 structure, replication cycle, reverse transcription, and HIV drug targets. This study focuses on NRTIs and NNRTIs, their binding sites, mechanisms of action, FDA-approved drugs and drugs in clinical trials, their resistance and adverse effects, their molecular docking studies, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Keyphrases
- antiretroviral therapy
- human immunodeficiency virus
- hiv aids
- hiv infected
- hiv positive
- hiv infected patients
- molecular docking
- clinical trial
- drug administration
- molecular dynamics simulations
- hepatitis c virus
- drug induced
- sars cov
- study protocol
- transcription factor
- open label
- adverse drug
- south africa
- machine learning