Intergenerational ethics in Africa: Duties to older adults in skipped generation households.

This paper examines individual and societal duties to older adults in sub-Saharan Africa who reside in skipped generation households, which are households in which a young and old generation live together with the middle generation absent. As they age, older adults in skipped generation households may lack the prospect of social and economic support from offspring, making their situation precarious. If ill health results in an older adult's inability to work, who will support them? If they need assistance with basic activities of daily living, who will provide it? This paper addresses these questions through the lens of African ethics. Section I appeals to the African ethic of ubuntu ('humanness') to identify normative conceptions of persons and moral character relevant to skipped generation ethics. Section II elaborates this focus by means of the virtues of gratitude and reciprocity, discussing their conditions, requirements, and limits and comparing surrogate parent-child to parent-child cases. Section III explores the application of an ubuntu ethic to society as a whole and defines societal duties toward older adults by appealing to African conceptions of dignity and justice.