Cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to the immunosuppressive landscape and influence the efficacy of the combination therapy of PD-1 inhibitors and antiangiogenic agents in hepatocellular carcinoma.

This study not only revealed the TME characteristics of HCC with the difference in CAF abundance but also further confirmed that the combination therapy of PD-1 inhibitors and anti-angiogenic drugs may be more valuable for patients with high CAF abundance.