Rejuvenation of aged graphite anodes from spent lithium-ion batteries via a facile surface treatment strategy.

In this study, we present a facile formic acid treatment to rejuvenate aged graphite anodes from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) without damaging the electrode structure. This method effectively removes the interfacial blocking layer, improving capacity and rate performance. Our approach contributes to sustainable battery recycling strategies for spent graphite anodes in LIBs.