Hallmarks of cardiovascular ageing.
Mahmoud AbdellatifPeter P RainerSimon SedejGuido KroemerPublished in: Nature reviews. Cardiology (2023)
Normal circulatory function is a key determinant of disease-free life expectancy (healthspan). Indeed, pathologies affecting the cardiovascular system, which are growing in prevalence, are the leading cause of global morbidity, disability and mortality, whereas the maintenance of cardiovascular health is necessary to promote both organismal healthspan and lifespan. Therefore, cardiovascular ageing might precede or even underlie body-wide, age-related health deterioration. In this Review, we posit that eight molecular hallmarks are common denominators in cardiovascular ageing, namely disabled macroautophagy, loss of proteostasis, genomic instability (in particular, clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential), epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell senescence, dysregulated neurohormonal signalling and inflammation. We also propose a hierarchical order that distinguishes primary (upstream) from antagonistic and integrative (downstream) hallmarks of cardiovascular ageing. Finally, we discuss how targeting each of the eight hallmarks might be therapeutically exploited to attenuate residual cardiovascular risk in older individuals.
Keyphrases
- healthcare
- gene expression
- multiple sclerosis
- stem cells
- physical activity
- mental health
- risk factors
- human health
- dna methylation
- coronary artery disease
- risk assessment
- single cell
- genome wide
- copy number
- middle aged
- cell therapy
- cardiovascular events
- cardiovascular disease
- health promotion
- social media
- cancer therapy