Micro/nano-textured hierarchical titanium topography promotes exosome biogenesis and secretion to improve osseointegration.

These findings provide evidence that micro/nano-textured hierarchical titanium topography promotes exosome biogenesis and extracellular secretion for enhanced osseointegration. Our findings also highlight that the optimized titanium topography can increase exosome secretion from BMSCs, which may promote osseointegration of titanium implants.