Socio-environmental conflict over abandoned mining waste in Copaquilla, Chile.

The material discarded by past mining extractive activities is exposed to the action of different environmental agents and constitutes the beginning of a problem that, inevitably, involves the population and the conditions of the environment where it is deposited. Bearing this in mind, a study of the Copaquilla-Chile valley was carried out with a focus on the socio-environmental conflict produced by the accumulation of abandoned mining waste in its vicinity. The objectives were to identify the role of the different actors and the main causes that originated the conflict and to characterize the physical-natural factors that conditioned the susceptibility and physical vulnerability of the studied environment. The methodological approach combined a set of qualitative and quantitative techniques, using participatory action research techniques (PAR) and multi-criteria evaluation models (MCE) through a geographic information system (GIS). The evaluation of the study area revealed quite severe levels in terms of the indices of susceptibility to processes of mass removal and vulnerability of the aquifer, which led us to infer that the morpho-climatic and hydrogeological characteristics of the sector generated the appropriate conditions to produce large damage to the complex socio-ecological system of the Copaquilla territory. This study generated participatory material, a chronology of the conflict, a database of the physical environment of the Copaquilla valley interpreted in thematic cartographies, and physicochemical soil and water samples to monitor contamination levels.