Metabolic engineering of l-leucine production in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum: a review.

l-Leucine, as an essential branched-chain amino acid for humans and animals, has recently been attracting much attention because of its potential for a fast-growing market demand. The applicability ranges from flavor enhancers, animal feed additives and ingredients in cosmetic to specialty nutrients in pharmaceutical and medical fields. Microbial fermentation is the major method for producing l-leucine by using Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum as host bacteria. This review gives an overview of the metabolic pathway of l-leucine (i.e. production, import and export systems) and highlights the main regulatory mechanisms of operons in E. coli and C. glutamicum l-leucine biosynthesis. We summarize here the current trends in metabolic engineering techniques and strategies for manipulating l-leucine producing strains. Finally, future perspectives to construct industrially advantageous strains are considered with respect to recent advances in biology.