Prognostic significance of tumour budding, tumour-stroma ratio and desmoplastic stromal reaction in gall bladder carcinoma.

A high TBd, low TSR and immature DSR were significantly associated with several high-risk clinicopathological parameters and poor OS in GBC. These novel, simple, reproducible and cost-effective parameters may be included in the routine reporting checklist for GBC as additional prognostic parameters that can substratify the high-risk patients.