Expanding the limits of nephron-sparing surgery: Surgical technique and mid-term outcomes of purely off-clamp robotic partial nephrectomy for totally endophytic renal tumors.

Purely off-clamp robotic partial nephrectomy is a feasible and safe surgical approach, even in totally endophytic renal tumors, providing a favorable perioperative complications rate, excellent oncological outcomes, and negligible impact on renal function at mid-term follow-up. Indocyanine green preoperative marking of endophytic renal tumors represents a useful tool for rapid intraoperative identification of the mass, real-time control of resection margins, and a more precise dissection.