Oral health and cardiometabolic disease: understanding the relationship.

Examination of the oral cavity can identify clinical signs indicative of underlying systemic disease. Key features to examine include the general appearance and number of the teeth, signs of inflammation of the mucosa or gingival tissues including bleeding of the gums and redness, swelling or hyperplasia. Additionally, the tongue should be assessed for any ulceration or discolouration and the presence of excessive build-up (coating). Cardiovascular disease and diabetes, together known as cardiometabolic disease have an impact on oral health. Similarly, oral health conditions, such as gum disease (periodontitis) and dryness of the mouth (xerostomia), are associated with an increased risk for both cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this narrative review is to outline both the impact of periodontitis and xerostomia on cardiometabolic disease and the impact of cardiometabolic health on these oral health conditions. Key features of periodontitis and xerostomia will be provided along with a brief discussion of current concepts in early prevention and management of these oral health conditions. The biological mechanisms linking cardiometabolic disease and periodontitis will be outlined and the evidence supporting the association between cardiometabolic disease and oral health conditions will be presented together with an identification of areas where further research is indicated. Last, guidance for general practitioners to assess and support early diagnosis and management of oral health conditions by raising awareness of the relationship between oral health and cardiometabolic disease, providing simple oral health advice and referring to a dental practitioner will be presented.