Association of long working hours and health-related productivity loss, and its differential impact by income level: A cross-sectional study of the Korean workers.

The results of our study indicate that HRPL is associated with long working hours, especially in the lower household income group. Reducing the workload for the individual employee to a manageable level and restructuring sick leave policies to effectively counteract absenteeism and presenteeism may be a feasible option for better labor productivity and employee health.