Clinical role of serum programmed death ligand 1 in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: Where does it come from?

Hatem A ElmezayenHirohisa OkabeYoshifumi BabaToshihiko YusaRumi ItoyamaYosuke NakaoTakanobu YamaoNaoki UmzakiMasayo TsukamotoYuki KitanoTatsunori MiyataKota ArimaHiromitsu HayashiKatsunori ImaiAkira ChikamotoYo-Ichi YamashitaHideo Baba

Published in: Surgery today (2019)

PD-L1-expressing cells in the background liver, but not in the tumor tissue, appeared to contribute to the sPD-L1 level. The sPD-L1 level may thus not indicate the tumor burden in patients with HCC.

Keyphrases

induced apoptosis
cell cycle arrest
oxidative stress
risk factors
cell death
endoplasmic reticulum stress