Administration of Exogenous Hormones and the Implications for Cigarette Smoking-Related Behaviors.

Exogenous progesterone may have favorable effects on cognition, symptomatology, consumption, and smoking cessation. Hormonal replacement therapy does not have a clear relationship with smoking-related behaviors. Oral contraceptive use may have adverse effects on stress response, nicotine metabolism, and symptomatology. Additional research is needed to explore how the administration of exogenous hormones may (a) strengthen research methodology on this topic, (b) enhance our understanding of the role of progesterone/estrogen on smoking-related behaviors, and (c) improve smoking cessation outcomes.