Intellectual disabilities moderate sex/gender differences in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Emma SaureM CastrénK MikkolaJ Salmi

Published in: Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR (2022)

Our results clearly suggest that the female phenotype of ASD is moderated by ID. Among individuals with ASD with ID, girls/women seem to be more severely affected than boys/men, whereas among individuals with ASD without ID, girls/women with ASD may have less symptoms than boys/men. Such phenotypic differences could be a potential cause of underrecognition of girls/women with ASD, and it is also possible that observed phenotypic differences may reflect underdiagnosing of girls/women with ASD.

Keyphrases

autism spectrum disorder
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
intellectual disability
middle aged
depressive symptoms
adipose tissue
high intensity
polycystic ovary syndrome
metabolic syndrome
working memory
pregnancy outcomes