Biochar improves the nutrient cycle in sandy-textured soils and increases crop yield: a systematic review.

O emission and mineral nutrient leaching decreased by 29% (CI [- 48%, - 3%]) and 38% (CI [- 56%, - 13%). On average, however, biochar had no effect on soil mineral nitrogen and nutrient use efficiency. Publication bias was identified in the response of effective CEC. After corrections for publication bias, the response shifted from 36% to a negative value of - 34% (CI [- 50%, - 14%]). Meta-regression found that the effect modifiers experimental continent, biochar application rate, and soil pH, explain result heterogeneity. Stronger responses came from the continent of South America, higher application rates, and higher pH soils. Overall, biochar is found useful for many SPPs of nutrient cycling of sandy-textured soils, thereby contributing to increased crop yields in such soils.