A Novel Bubble-based Microreactor for Enhanced Mass Transfer Dynamics toward Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction.

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (eNRR) is a promising method for sustainable ammonia production. Although the majority of studies on the eNRR are devoted to developing efficient electrocatalysts, it is critical to study the influence of mass transfer because of the poor N 2 transfer efficiency. Herein, a novel bubble-based microreactor (BBMR) is proposed that efficiently promotes the mass transfer behavior during the eNRR using microfluidic strategies. The BBMR possesses abundant triphasic interfaces and provides spatial confinement and accurate potential control, ensuring rapid mass transfer dynamics and improved eNRR performance, as confirmed by experimental and simulation studies. The ammonia yield of the reaction over Ag nanoparticles can be enhanced to 31.35 µg h -1  mg cat. -1 , which is twice that of the H-cell. Excellent improvements are also achieved using Ru/C and Fe/g-CN catalysts, with 5.0 and 8.5 times increase in ammonia yield, respectively. This work further demonstrates the significant effect of mass transfer on the eNRR performance and provides an effective strategy for process enhancement through electrode design.