Ethical issues in pediatric face transplantation.

Facial transplantation has become a reality in adult medicine. Children are subject to congenital craniofacial differences, disease-related, traumatic, or thermochemical craniofacial changes and might be suitable for face transplantation. This manuscript addresses unique ethical issues in considering potential pediatric face transplant. These challenges are operant at the individual, technologic, and psychosocial level for clinicians, investigators, and society.