Residual HBV DNA and pgRNA viraemia is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients on antiviral therapy.

More than 50% CHB patients on ETV with HBV DNA < LLOQ by standard assay had persistent viraemia as determined by a more sensitive assay. Detectable HBV DNA or pgRNA by more sensitive assays was associated with HCC development. More potent viral suppression is required to further reduce the risk of HCC.