The extracellular matrix of green algae.

Green algae display a wide range of extracellular matrix (ECM) components that include various types of cell walls, scales, crystalline glycoprotein coverings, hydrophobic compounds and complex gels or mucilage. Recently, new information derived from genomic/transcriptomic screening, advanced biochemical analyses, immunocytochemical studies and ecophysiology has significantly enhanced and refined our understanding of the green algal ECM. In later diverging charophyte group of green algae, the cell wall and other ECM components provide insight into the evolution of plants and the ways the ECM modulates during environmental stress. Chlorophytes produce diverse ECM components, many of which have been exploited for various uses in medicine, food and the production of biofuels. This review highlights major advances in ECM studies of green algae.