Advancing Intelligent Organs-on-a-Chip Systems with Comprehensive in situ Bioanalysis.

In vitro biological models are essential to a broad range of biomedical research, including drug development, pathological studies, and personalized medicine. As a potentially transformative paradigm of in vitro 3D biological models, organs-on-a-chip (OOC) devices have been extensively developed to recapitulate sophisticated architectures and dynamic microenvironments of organs by applying the principles of life sciences and leveraging micro- and nanoscale engineering capabilities. A pivotal function of OOC devices is to support multifaceted and timely analysis of living tissues and their microenvironments. However, in-depth analysis of OOC models typically requires biomedical assay procedures that are labor-intensive and interruptive. This article examines the latest advances toward intelligent OOC (iOOC) systems where sensors integrated with OOC devices continuously report cellular and microenvironmental information for comprehensive in situ bioanalysis. It is envisioned that the multimodal data in iOOC systems can support closed-loop control of iOOC models and offer holistic biomedical insights for diverse applications. Essential techniques for establishing iOOC systems are surveyed, encompassing in situ sensing, data processing, and dynamic modulation. Eventually, the future development of iOOC systems featuring cross-disciplinary strategies is discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.