Thomas William LeBlanc (Thomas W Leblanc, Thomas M LeBlanc, Thomas Leblanc, Thomas W LeBlanc)

Scopus Author ID ORCID

Publication Activity (10 Years)

Years Active: 2018-2024
Publications (10 Years): 63

Top Venues

Blood advances

Leukemia & lymphoma

Future oncology (London, England)

Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer

Duke University School of Medicine

This page only lists publications with an associated author ORCID identifier.

Affiliation History

Duke University School of Medicine Jul 01 2013

United States

Associate Professor of Medicine :: Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy

Publications

Bhavik J Pandya, Christopher Young, Elizabeth R Packnett, Bin Xie, Timothy Lillehaugen, Alana Block, Katarzyna Bernacki, Maelys Touya, Thomas William LeBlanc
Work absenteeism, disability, and lost wages among patients with acute myeloid leukemia and their caregivers: a cohort study using US administrative claims and productivity data. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research 24 (4) (2024)
Katie Fitzgerald Jones, Gretchen E White, Antonia V Bennett, Hailey W Bulls, Paula Escott, Sarah Orris, Elizabeth Escott, Stacy M Fischer, Megan E Hamm, Tamar Krishnamurti, Risa L Wong, Thomas William LeBlanc, Jane M Liebschutz, Salimah H Meghani, Cardinale B Smith, Jennifer S Temel, Christine Seel Ritchie, Jessica S Merlin
Benefits, Harms, and Stakeholder Perspectives Regarding Opioid Therapy for Pain in Individuals With Metastatic Cancer: Protocol for a Descriptive Cohort Study. JMIR research protocols 13 (2024)
Bhavik J Pandya, Christopher Young, Elizabeth R Packnett, Bin Xie, Timothy Lillehaugen, Alana Block, Katarzyna Bernacki, Maelys Touya, Thomas William LeBlanc
Work absenteeism, disability, and lost wages among patients with acute myeloid leukemia and their caregivers: a cohort study using US administrative claims and productivity data. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research 24 (4) (2024)
Bhavik J Pandya, Christopher Young, Elizabeth R Packnett, Bin Xie, Timothy Lillehaugen, Alana Block, Katarzyna Bernacki, Maelys Touya, Thomas William LeBlanc
Impact of AML on patient and caregiver workplace absenceWork absenteeism, disability, and lost wages among patients with acute myeloid leukemia and caregivers: a cohort study using US administrative claims and productivity data. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research (2024)
Luciano José Megale Costa, Thomas William LeBlanc, Hans Tesch, Pieter Sonneveld, Ryan P Kyle, Liliya Sinyavskaya, Patrick Hlavacek, Aster Meche, Jinma Ren, Alex Schepart, Didem Aydin, Guido Nador, Marco daCosta DiBonaventura
Elranatamab efficacy in MagnetisMM-3 compared with real-world control arms in triple-class refractory multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) (2024)
Bhavik J Pandya, Christopher Young, Elizabeth R Packnett, Bin Xie, Timothy Lillehaugen, Alana Block, Katarzyna Bernacki, Maelys Touya, Thomas William LeBlanc
Work absenteeism, disability, and lost wages among patients with acute myeloid leukemia and their caregivers: a cohort study using US administrative claims and productivity data. Expert review of pharmacoeconomics & outcomes research (2024)
Shanthi Sivendran, Caitlyn McNaughton, Avery Briguglio, Jason A Webb, Thomas William LeBlanc, Annamaria Lattanzio-Hale, Michael Horst, Wendy Wilson, Kristina Newport
Implementation of a Novel Pathway to Integrate Palliative and Oncology Care for Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia in a Community Hospital. JCO oncology practice (2024)
Katie Fitzgerald Jones, Gretchen E White, Antonia V Bennett, Hailey W Bulls, Paula Escott, Sarah Orris, Elizabeth Escott, Stacy M Fischer, Megan E Hamm, Tamar Krishnamurti, Risa L Wong, Thomas William LeBlanc, Jane M Liebschutz, Salimah H Meghani, Cardinale B Smith, Jennifer S Temel, Christine Seel Ritchie, Jessica S Merlin
Benefits, Harms, and Stakeholder Perspectives Regarding Opioid Therapy for Pain in Individuals With Metastatic Cancer: Protocol for a Descriptive Cohort Study. JMIR research protocols 13 (2024)
Mazie Tsang, Thomas William LeBlanc
Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Hematologic Malignancies: Progress and Opportunities. JCO oncology practice (2024)
Richard A Newcomb, Hermioni Lokko Amonoo, Ashley M Nelson, Joanna Choe, Katherine Holmbeck, Anisa Nabily, Stephanie J Lee, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri
Coping in patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood advances 8 (6) (2024)
Isha Mol, Yannan Hu, Thomas William LeBlanc, Joseph C Cappelleri, Haitao Chu, Guido Nador, Didem Aydin, Alex Schepart, Patrick Hlavacek
A matching-adjusted indirect comparison of the efficacy of elranatamab versus teclistamab in patients with triple-class exposed/refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia & lymphoma (2024)
Luciano José Megale Costa, Thomas William LeBlanc, Hans Tesch, Pieter Sonneveld, Ryan P Kyle, Liliya Sinyavskaya, Patrick Hlavacek, Aster Meche, Jinma Ren, Alex Schepart, Didem Aydin, Guido Nador, Marco daCosta DiBonaventura
Elranatamab efficacy in MagnetisMM-3 compared with real-world control arms in triple-class refractory multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) 20 (17) (2024)
Richard A Newcomb, Hermioni Lokko Amonoo, Ashley M Nelson, Joanna Choe, Katherine Holmbeck, Anisa Nabily, Stephanie J Lee, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri
Coping in patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood advances 8 (6) (2024)
Katie Fitzgerald Jones, Gretchen E White, Antonia V Bennett, Hailey W Bulls, Paula Escott, Sarah Orris, Elizabeth Escott, Stacy M Fischer, Megan E Hamm, Tamar Krishnamurti, Risa L Wong, Thomas William LeBlanc, Jane M Liebschutz, Salimah H Meghani, Cardinale B Smith, Jennifer S Temel, Christine Seel Ritchie, Jessica S Merlin
Benefits, Harms, and Stakeholder Perspectives Regarding Opioid Therapy for Pain in Individuals With Metastatic Cancer: Protocol for a Descriptive Cohort Study. JMIR research protocols 13 (2024)
Richard A Newcomb, Hermioni Lokko Amonoo, Ashley M Nelson, Joanna Choe, Katherine Holmbeck, Anisa Nabily, Stephanie J Lee, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri
Coping in patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood advances (2024)
Mazie Tsang, Thomas William LeBlanc
Palliative and End-of-Life Care in Hematologic Malignancies: Progress and Opportunities. JCO oncology practice 20 (6) (2024)
Isha Mol, Yannan Hu, Thomas William LeBlanc, Joseph C Cappelleri, Haitao Chu, Guido Nador, Didem Aydin, Alex Schepart, Patrick Hlavacek
A matching-adjusted indirect comparison of the efficacy of elranatamab versus teclistamab in patients with triple-class exposed/refractory multiple myeloma. Leukemia & lymphoma 65 (5) (2024)
Luciano José Megale Costa, Thomas William LeBlanc, Hans Tesch, Pieter Sonneveld, Ryan P Kyle, Liliya Sinyavskaya, Patrick Hlavacek, Aster Meche, Jinma Ren, Alex Schepart, Didem Aydin, Guido Nador, Marco daCosta DiBonaventura
Elranatamab efficacy in MagnetisMM-3 compared with real-world control arms in triple-class refractory multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) (2024)
Luciano José Megale Costa, Thomas William LeBlanc, Hans Tesch, Pieter Sonneveld, Ryan P Kyle, Liliya Sinyavskaya, Patrick Hlavacek, Aster Meche, Jinma Ren, Alex Schepart, Didem Aydin, Guido Nador, Marco daCosta DiBonaventura
Elranatamab efficacy in MagnetisMM-3 compared with real-world control arms in triple-class refractory multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) 20 (17) (2024)
Luciano José Megale Costa, Thomas William LeBlanc, Hans Tesch, Pieter Sonneveld, Ryan P Kyle, Liliya Sinyavskaya, Patrick Hlavacek, Aster Meche, Jinma Ren, Alex Schepart, Didem Aydin, Guido Nador, Marco daCosta DiBonaventura
Elranatamab efficacy in MagnetisMM-3 compared with real-world control arms in triple-class refractory multiple myeloma. Future oncology (London, England) 20 (17) (2024)
Katie Fitzgerald Jones, Gretchen E White, Antonia V Bennett, Hailey W Bulls, Paula Escott, Sarah Orris, Elizabeth Escott, Stacy M Fischer, Megan E Hamm, Tamar Krishnamurti, Risa L Wong, Thomas William LeBlanc, Jane M Liebschutz, Salimah H Meghani, Cardinale B Smith, Jennifer S Temel, Christine Seel Ritchie, Jessica S Merlin
Benefits, Harms, and Stakeholder Perspectives Regarding Opioid Therapy for Pain in Individuals With Metastatic Cancer: Protocol for a Descriptive Cohort Study. JMIR research protocols 13 (2024)
Isha Mol, Yannan Hu, Thomas William LeBlanc, Joseph C Cappelleri, Haitao Chu, Guido Nador, Didem Aydin, Alex Schepart, Patrick Hlavacek
A matching-adjusted indirect comparison of the efficacy of elranatamab versus physician's choice of treatment in patients with triple-class exposed/refractory multiple myeloma. Current medical research and opinion (2023)
Anna Barata, Hannah R Abrams, Christa L Meyer, Lih-Wen Mau, Deborah Mattila, Linda J Burns, Christina K Ullrich, Hemant S Murthy, William A Wood, Effie W Petersdorf, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri
What Do Patients Think about Palliative Care? A National Survey of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients. Blood advances (2023)
Gregg A Robbins-Welty, Jason A Webb, Dan Shalev, Areej El-Jawahri, Vicki Jackson, Chandler Mitchell, Thomas William LeBlanc
Advancing Palliative Care Integration in Hematology: Building Upon Existing Evidence. Current treatment options in oncology (2023)
David Cella, Kimberly Kelly, Anna de la Motte, Farah Toublan, Bhavik J Pandya, Manasee V Shah, Thomas William LeBlanc
The experience of patients with acute myeloid leukemia in remission post-transplant. Leukemia & lymphoma (2023)
Thomas William LeBlanc
Moving beyond traditional clinical trial endpoints: patient-reported outcomes illuminate the patient experience of novel AML therapies. Leukemia & lymphoma (2023)
Olivia White, Erin Kennedy, Jordan B Huckabee, Elizabeth Rogers, Thomas William LeBlanc, Mairead Dillon, Zhiguo Li, Desirae E Lindquist
Isavuconazonium or posaconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Journal of oncology pharmacy practice : official publication of the International Society of Oncology Pharmacy Practitioners (2023)
Matthew R Leblanc, Thomas William LeBlanc, Qing Yang, Jennifer McLaughlin, Kerry Irish, Sophia K Smith
A Mobile App to Support Self-Management in Patients with Multiple Myeloma or Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR cancer 9 (2023)
Erin Elizabeth Watson, Chandrika Sanapala, Ashley-Marie Cortes, Heidi D Klepin, Marsha Wittink, Sally Norton, Daniel R Richardson, William Dale, Allison Magnuson, Jason H Mendler, Jane Liesveld, Eric J Huselton, Kristen O'Dwyer, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri, Melisa L Wong, Kah Poh Loh
Adapting a patient-centered communication tool for older patients with acute myeloid leukemia and their oncologist. Blood advances 6 (21) (2022)
Ashley Tabah, David Huggar, Si-Tien Wang, Scott J Johnson, Ronda M Copher, Thomas O'Connell, Ali McBride, Thomas William LeBlanc
Indirect treatment comparison of oral versus injectable azacitidine as maintenance therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. Future oncology (London, England) (2022)
Hannah R Abrams, Ryan David Nipp, Lara Traeger, Mitchell W Lavoie, Matthew J Reynolds, Nneka N Ufere, Annie C Wang, Kofi Boateng, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri
Code status transitions in patients with high-risk acute myeloid leukemia. Blood advances 6 (14) (2022)
Ashley Tabah, Brenna L Brady, David Huggar, Krutika Jariwala-Parikh, Krystal Huey, Ronda Copher, Thomas William LeBlanc
The impact of remission duration on the long-term economic burden of acute myeloid leukemia among patients without hematopoietic stem cell transplant in the United States. Journal of medical economics 25 (1) (2022)
Judith A Paice, Kari Bohlke, Debra L Barton, David S Craig, Areej R El-Jawahri, Dawn L Hershman, Lynn R Kong, Geana P Kurita, Thomas William LeBlanc, Sebastiano Mercadante, Kristina L M Novick, Ramy Sedhom, Carole Seigel, Joanna Stimmel, Eduardo Bruera
Use of Opioids for Adults With Pain From Cancer or Cancer Treatment: ASCO Guideline. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (2022)
Silvia Rosa Allende-Pérez, Gabriela Cesarman-Maus, Adriana Peña-Nieves, Amelia Arcos, Patricia Baz-Gutiérrez, Joanna Robles, Thomas William LeBlanc
Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer Receiving Specialist Palliative Care. Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 28 (2022)
David Huggar, Russell L Knoth, Ronda Copher, Zhun Cao, Craig Lipkin, Ali McBride, Thomas William LeBlanc
Economic burden in US patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia receiving intensive induction chemotherapy. Future oncology (London, England) (2022)
Neha Kayastha, Thomas William LeBlanc
Palliative care for patients with hematologic malignancies: are we meeting patients' needs early enough? Expert review of hematology 15 (9) (2022)
Kristine L Kwekkeboom, Ronald C Serlin, Sandra E Ward, Thomas William LeBlanc, Adeboye Ogunseitan, James Cleary
Reply to Paul and Lewis. Pain 163 (3) (2022)
Syed Mohammed Qasim Hussaini, Amanda L Blackford, Arjun Gupta, Ramy Sedhom, Sarah H Cross, Haider J Warraich, Thomas William LeBlanc
Rural-urban disparities in place of death in hematologic malignancies in the United States, 2003 to 2019. Blood advances 6 (16) (2022)
Alexandra Merz, Amro Mohamed, Cheyenne Corbett, Kris Herring, Jordan Hildenbrand, Susan C Locke, Steven Patierno, Jesse Troy, Steven Wolf, S Yousuf Zafar, Jack Chilcott, Adam Higgins, Hugo Manassei, Colette McCoy, Trudy L Buckingham, Thomas William LeBlanc
A single-site pilot feasibility randomized trial of a supportive care mobile application intervention for patients with advanced cancer and caregivers. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 30 (10) (2022)
Hermioni Lokko Amonoo, P Connor Connor Johnson, Ashley M Nelson, Madison A Clay, Elizabeth Daskalakis, Richard A Newcomb, Emma C Deary, Elizabeth F Mattera, Daniel Yang, Katherine Cronin, Kofi Boateng, Stephanie J Lee, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri
Coping in Caregivers of Patients with Hematologic Malignancies Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Blood advances (2022)
Jordan D Hildenbrand, Hee S Park, David J Casarett, Cheyenne Corbett, Alicia M Ellis, Kris W Herring, Arif H Kamal, Steve Power, Jesse D Troy, Steven Wolf, Syed Y Zafar, Thomas William LeBlanc
Patient-reported distress as an early warning sign of unmet palliative care needs and increased healthcare utilization in patients with advanced cancer. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 30 (4) (2022)
Jun J Mao, Nofisat Ismaila, Ting Bao, Debra L Barton, Eran Ben-Arye, Eric L Garland, Heather Greenlee, Thomas William LeBlanc, Richard T Lee, Ana Maria Lopez, Charles L Loprinzi, Gary H Lyman, Jodi MacLeod, Viraj A Master, Kavitha Ramchandran, Lynne I Wagner, Eleanor M Walker, Deborah Watkins Bruner, Claudia Margitta Witt, Eduardo Bruera
Integrative Medicine for Pain Management in Oncology: Society for Integrative Oncology-ASCO Guideline. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 40 (34) (2022)
Aaron M Tarnasky, Jesse D Troy, Thomas William LeBlanc
The patient experience of ABVD treatment in Hodgkin lymphoma: a retrospective cohort study of patient-reported distress. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 29 (9) (2021)
Matthew R Leblanc, Sheryl Zimmerman, Thomas William LeBlanc, Ashley Leak Bryant, Kathryn Elizabeth Hudson, Sophia K Smith
Persistent fatigue among long-term non-Hodgkin lymphoma survivors. Leukemia & lymphoma (2021)
Hermioni Lokko Amonoo, Monica H Bodd, Matthew J Reynolds, Ashley M Nelson, Richard A Newcomb, P Connor Connor Johnson, Tejaswini M Dhawale, Rachel Plotke, Lauren Heuer, Sabah Gillani, Daniel Yang, Emma C Deary, Elizabeth Daskalakis, Lauren Goldschen, Andrew M Brunner, Amir T Fathi, Thomas William LeBlanc, Areej El-Jawahri
Coping Strategies in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Blood advances (2021)
Ashley M Nelson, Hermioni Lokko Amonoo, Alison R Kavanaugh, Jason A Webb, Vicki A Jackson, Julia Rice, Mitchell W Lavoie, Amir T Fathi, Andrew M Brunner, Joseph Andrew Greer, Jennifer S Temel, Areej R El-Jawahri, Thomas William LeBlanc
Palliative care and coping in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: Mediation analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial. Cancer 127 (24) (2021)
Rachel B Jimenez, Andrew E Johnson, Nora K Horick, Fay J Hlubocky, Yvonne Lei, Cindy B Matsen, Erica L Mayer, Deborah E Collyar, Thomas William LeBlanc, Karen Donelan, Michelle M Mello, Jeffrey M Peppercorn
Do you mind if I record?: Perceptions and practice regarding patient requests to record clinic visits in oncology. Cancer (2021)
Neha Kayastha, Thomas William LeBlanc
Why Are We Failing to Do What Works? Musings on Outpatient Palliative Care Integration in Cancer Care. JCO oncology practice 18 (4) (2021)
Laura S Porter, Jennifer L Steel, Diane L Fairclough, Thomas William LeBlanc, Janet Bull, Laura C Hanson, Stacy Fischer, Francis J Keefe
Caregiver-guided pain coping skills training for patients with advanced cancer: Results from a randomized clinical trial. Palliative medicine 35 (5) (2021)
Allison A Petrilla, Anne Shah, Joseph Feliciano, Joseph Woolery, Thomas William LeBlanc
Burden of illness and treatment patterns among patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma in the US healthcare setting. Current medical research and opinion 37 (7) (2021)
Hermioni Lokko Amonoo, Thomas William LeBlanc, Alison R Kavanaugh, Jason A Webb, Lara N Traeger, Annemarie D Jagielo, Dagny Marie Vaughn, Madeleine Elyze, Regina M Longley, Amir T Fathi, Gabriela S Hobbs, Andrew M Brunner, Nina R O'Connor, Selina M Luger, Jillian L Gustin, Bhavana Bhatnagar, Nora K Horick, Areej R El-Jawahri
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 127 (14) (2021)
Anmol Singh, Susan C Locke, Steven P Wolf, Tara A Albrecht, Jesse D Troy, Heather Derry, Areej El-Jawahri, Thomas William LeBlanc
The relationship between emotional well-being and understanding of prognosis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 30 (1) (2021)
Brittany Gatta, Thomas William LeBlanc
Palliative care in hematologic malignancies: a multidisciplinary approach. Expert review of hematology 13 (3) (2020)
Jordan D Hildenbrand, Debra M Davis, Areej El-Jawahri, Kris W Herring, Susan C Locke, Kathryn I Pollak, Gregory P Samsa, Karen E Steinhauser, Jesse D Troy, Peter A Ubel, Thomas William LeBlanc
A novel decision aid for acute myeloid leukemia: a feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 29 (7) (2020)
Fumiko L Chino, Arif H Kamal, Junzo P Chino, Thomas William LeBlanc
Disparities in place of death for patients with hematological malignancies, 1999 to 2015. Blood advances 3 (3) (2020)
Thomas William LeBlanc
Improving end-of-life care for patients with leukemia: is inpatient death the right measure? Leukemia & lymphoma 61 (11) (2020)
Laura S Porter, Gregory Samsa, Jennifer L Steel, Laura C Hanson, Thomas William LeBlanc, Janet Bull, Stacy Fischer, Francis J Keefe
Caregiver-guided pain coping skills training for patients with advanced cancer: Background, design, and challenges for the CaringPals study. Clinical trials (London, England) 16 (3) (2019)
Jaxon J Vallely, Kathryn E Hudson, Susan C Locke, Steven P Wolf, Gregory P Samsa, Amy P Abernethy, Thomas William LeBlanc
Pruritus in patients with solid tumors: an overlooked supportive care need. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 27 (10) (2019)
Jacob J Strand, Thomas William LeBlanc
Palliative care integration in haematological malignancies: towards a needs-based approach. BMJ supportive & palliative care 8 (3) (2019)
Thomas William LeBlanc
Experts on their own experiences: the rise of patient-reported outcomes in oncology drug trials. Leukemia & lymphoma 60 (11) (2019)
Kah Poh Loh, Huiwen Xu, Anthony Back, Paul R Duberstein, Supriya G Mohile, Ronald Epstein, Colin McHugh, Heidi D Klepin, Gregory Abel, Stephanie J Lee, Areej R El-Jawahri, Thomas William LeBlanc
Patient-hematologist discordance in perceived chance of cure in hematologic malignancies: A multicenter study. Cancer 126 (6) (2019)
Thomas William LeBlanc, Pamela C Egan, Adam J Olszewski
Transfusion dependence, use of hospice services, and quality of end-of-life care in leukemia. Blood 132 (7) (2018)
Chi-Fu Jeffrey Yang, Kelli Aibel, Ryan Meyerhoff, Frances Wang, David Harpole, Amy P Abernethy, Thomas William LeBlanc
Actigraphy assessment of sleep quality among patients with acute myeloid leukaemia during induction chemotherapy. BMJ supportive & palliative care 8 (3) (2018)

Thomas William LeBlanc.css-eqlu8i{font-size:small;padding-left:4px;} (Thomas W Leblanc, Thomas M LeBlanc, Thomas Leblanc, Thomas W LeBlanc)

Publication Activity (10 Years)

Top Topics

Top Venues

Thomas William LeBlanc (Thomas W Leblanc, Thomas M LeBlanc, Thomas Leblanc, Thomas W LeBlanc)