A review and narrative synthesis of community pharmacist-led interventions to tackle medicines for pain that are misused.

There is limited evidence of pharmacy interventions and their well-tested impact on pharmacists and patients. There is clinical and methodological heterogeneity across studies. It is pragmatic to suggest that a systems-thinking approach is adopted to investigate the potential role of community pharmacists and engage all stakeholders in the design of a theory-informed intervention. More high-quality studies including larger population sizes undertaken for longer periods of time that are rigorously reported are needed to improve the evidence base.