Transplant center characteristics associated with living-donor kidney transplantation: a cohort study with a hierarchical modeling approach.

Transplant center organization, that is a modifiable factor, may affect the access to living-donor kidney transplantation (LDKT). The objective of this study was to identify the center characteristics associated with LDKT using a hierarchical analysis. This was a retrospective multicenter observational study of 8701 patients who received a first renal graft between 2010 and 2014 in 32 transplantation centers of France. Hierarchical modeling was used to estimate the center effect and organization associated with LDKT. Among 8507 patients, 1225 (12%) were transplanted with a LD kidney. There was a transplant center effect on the proportion of LDKT. After adjustment for patient and center characteristics, the random effect variance decreased by 47%. Patients transplanted at a center with more than four nephrologists [1.81 (95% CI: 1.10-2.95)] and more than 1.5 nurse transplant coordinators [1.98 (95% CI: 1.26-3.13)] were more likely to be transplanted with a LD kidney. ABO-incompatible program was associated with LDKT [2.23 (95% CI: 1.22-4.06)]. There was a transplant center effect on the proportion of LDKT that could be decreased by modifiable center characteristics. Our study suggests the importance of the transplant team organization on the LDKT utilization.