Apamin Suppresses LPS-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses by Regulating SK Channels and TLR4-Mediated Signaling Pathways.
Jihyun ParkKyung Mi JangKwan-Kyu ParkPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2020)
Neuroinflammation plays a vital role in neurodegenerative conditions. Microglia are a key component of the neuroinflammatory response. There is a growing interest in developing drugs to target microglia and thereby control neuroinflammatory processes. Apamin (APM) is a specifically selective antagonist of small conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK) channels. However, its effect on neuroinflammation is largely unknown. We examine the effects of APM on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 and rat primary microglial cells. Regarding the molecular mechanism by which APM significantly inhibits proinflammatory cytokine production and microglial cell activation, we found that APM does so by reducing the expression of phosphorylated CaMKII and toll-like receptor (TLR4). In particular, APM potently suppressed the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3 and phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In addition, the correlation of NF-κB/STAT3 and MAPK-ERK in the neuroinflammatory response was verified through inhibitors. The literature and our findings suggest that APM is a promising candidate for an anti-neuroinflammatory agent and can potentially be used for the prevention and treatment of various neurological disorders.
Keyphrases
- inflammatory response
- toll like receptor
- lps induced
- nuclear factor
- signaling pathway
- induced apoptosis
- lipopolysaccharide induced
- pi k akt
- cell cycle arrest
- cell proliferation
- epithelial mesenchymal transition
- transcription factor
- oxidative stress
- systematic review
- binding protein
- poor prognosis
- single cell
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- brain injury
- immune response
- mesenchymal stem cells
- traumatic brain injury
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- spinal cord
- combination therapy
- drug induced