Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Artemia urumiana extract and five different thermal accelerated techniques: fabrication and characterization.

Artemia urumiana is bisexual population of the Lake Urmia of Iran. Its biomass was freeze dried and using its lyophilized powder, hydro-alcoholic extract was prepared and utilized in gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) synthesis. Six different Au NPs fabrication methods namely: microwave heating, hydrothermal, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, ultrasonication, common heating using conventional heating, and self-assembling were utilized for Au NPs synthesis using A. urumiana extract. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that the prepared extract were contained numerous fatty acid methyl esters such as Hexadecanoic acid methyl ester. Results indicated that the formed NPs using heater and stirrer, and UV irradiation had minimum particle size of 25 and 94 nm, respectively. However, as compared to the formed Au NPs using heater and stirrer technique, UV irradiation fabricated Au NPs with high zeta potential value of -32.5 mV and small polydispersity value of 0.310. Results also demonstrated that the synthesized Au NPs using heater and stirrers, and UV irradiation had highest antioxidant activities of 13.7 and 11.9%, and bactericidal effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurous bacteria strains, as compared to other fabricated Au NPs using other methods. There were insignificant ( p  > 0.05) differences between these two attributes of the formed Au NPs.