Exerkines in health, resilience and disease.
Lisa S ChowRobert E GersztenJoan M TaylorBente Klarlund PedersenHenriette van PraagScott W TrappeMark A FebbraioZorina S GalisYunling GaoJacob M HausIan R LanzaCarl J LavieChih-Hao LeeAlejandro LuciaCedric MoroAmbarish PandeyJeremy M RobbinsKristin I StanfordAlice E ThackraySaul A VilledaMatthew J WattAshley XiaJuleen R ZierathBennett P GreenwoodMichael P SnyderPublished in: Nature reviews. Endocrinology (2022)
The health benefits of exercise are well-recognized and are observed across multiple organ systems. These beneficial effects enhance overall resilience, healthspan and longevity. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of exercise, however, remain poorly understood. Since the discovery in 2000 that muscle contraction releases IL-6, the number of exercise-associated signalling molecules that have been identified has multiplied. Exerkines are defined as signalling moieties released in response to acute and/or chronic exercise, which exert their effects through endocrine, paracrine and/or autocrine pathways. A multitude of organs, cells and tissues release these factors, including skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (baptokines) and neurons (neurokines). Exerkines have potential roles in improving cardiovascular, metabolic, immune and neurological health. As such, exerkines have potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, and possibly in the facilitation of healthy ageing. This Review summarizes the importance and current state of exerkine research, prevailing challenges and future directions.
Keyphrases
- adipose tissue
- skeletal muscle
- high intensity
- insulin resistance
- healthcare
- public health
- cardiovascular disease
- physical activity
- mental health
- human health
- health information
- resistance training
- type diabetes
- high fat diet
- climate change
- metabolic syndrome
- small molecule
- heart failure
- induced apoptosis
- health promotion
- risk assessment
- spinal cord
- drug induced
- social support
- weight loss
- cell proliferation
- atrial fibrillation
- respiratory failure
- current status
- depressive symptoms
- high throughput
- oxidative stress
- body mass index
- cell cycle arrest
- glycemic control
- combination therapy
- cerebral ischemia
- aortic dissection