The Autophagy-Related Organelle Autophagoproteasome Is Suppressed within Ischemic Penumbra.
Francesca BiagioniFederica MastroiacovoPaola LenziStefano Puglisi-AllegraCarla L BuscetiLarisa RyskalinRosangela FereseDomenico BucciAlessandro FratiFerdinando NicolettiFrancesco FornaiPublished in: International journal of molecular sciences (2021)
The peri-infarct region, which surrounds the irreversible ischemic stroke area is named ischemic penumbra. This term emphasizes the borderline conditions for neurons placed within such a critical region. Area penumbra separates the ischemic core, where frank cell loss occurs, from the surrounding healthy brain tissue. Within such a brain region, nervous matter, and mostly neurons are impaired concerning metabolic conditions. The classic biochemical marker, which reliably marks area penumbra is the over-expression of the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). However, other proteins related to cell clearing pathways are modified within area penumbra. Among these, autophagy proteins like LC3 increase in a way, which recapitulates Hsp70. In contrast, components, such as P20S, markedly decrease. Despite apparent discrepancies, the present study indicates remarkable overlapping between LC3 and P20S redistribution within area penumbra. In fact, the amount of both proteins is markedly reduced within vacuoles. Specifically, a massive loss of LC3 + P20S immuno-positive vacuoles (autophagoproteasomes) is reported here. This represents the most relevant sub-cellular alteration here described in cell clearing pathways within area penumbra. The functional significance of these findings remains to be determined and it will take a novel experimental stream to decipher the fine-tuning of such a phenomenon.
Keyphrases
- heat shock protein
- single cell
- cell therapy
- cell death
- heat shock
- cerebral ischemia
- spinal cord
- oxidative stress
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- signaling pathway
- stem cells
- simultaneous determination
- magnetic resonance
- white matter
- mass spectrometry
- spinal cord injury
- magnetic resonance imaging
- preterm infants
- poor prognosis
- acute myocardial infarction
- mesenchymal stem cells
- resting state
- diffusion weighted imaging
- long non coding rna
- left ventricular
- percutaneous coronary intervention
- acute coronary syndrome
- brain injury