Regulatory transcription factors of Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis with a focus on toxin regulation.
Harish ChandraJoseph A SorgDaniel J HassettXingmin SunPublished in: Critical reviews in microbiology (2022)
Clostridioides difficile (CD), a nosocomial gut pathogen, produces two major exotoxins, TcdA and TcdB, which disrupt the gut epithelial barrier and induce inflammatory/immune responses, leading to symptoms ranging from mild diarrhoea to pseudomembranous colitis and potentially to death. The expression of toxins is regulated by various transcription factors (TFs) which are induced in response to CD physiological life stages, nutritional availability, and host environment. This review summarises our current understanding on the regulation of toxin expression by TFs that interconnect with pathways of flagellar synthesis, quorum sensing, motility, biofilm formation, sporulation, and phase variation. The pleiotropic roles of some key TFs suggest that toxin production is tightly linked to other cellular processes of the CD physiology.
Keyphrases
- high glucose
- biofilm formation
- escherichia coli
- endothelial cells
- transcription factor
- clostridium difficile
- candida albicans
- poor prognosis
- immune response
- pseudomonas aeruginosa
- staphylococcus aureus
- nk cells
- oxidative stress
- dna binding
- toll like receptor
- klebsiella pneumoniae
- methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
- drug induced
- acinetobacter baumannii
- irritable bowel syndrome