CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis of BnaCOL9 Advances the Flowering Time of Brassica napus L.

Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oil crops in the world. The planting area and output of rapeseed are affected by the flowering time, which is a critical agronomic feature. COL9 controls growth and development in many different plant species as a member of the zinc finger transcription factor family. However, BnaCOL9 in rapeseed has not been documented. The aim of this study was to apply CRISPR/Cas9 technology to create an early-flowering germplasm resource to provide useful material for improving the early-maturing breeding of rapeseed. We identified four COL9 homologs in rapeseed that were distributed on chromosomes A05, C05, A03, and C03. We successfully created quadruple BnaCOL9 mutations in rapeseed using the CRISPR/Cas9 platform. The quadruple mutants of BnaCOL9 flowered earlier than the wild-type. On the other hand, the flowering time of the BnaCOL9 overexpression lines was delayed. An analysis of the expression patterns revealed that these genes were substantially expressed in the leaves and flowers. A subcellular localization experiment demonstrated that BnaCOL9 was in the nucleus. Furthermore, we discovered that two key flowering-related genes, BnaCO and BnaFT , were highly elevated in the BnaCOL9 mutants, but dramatically downregulated in the BnaCOL9 overexpression lines. Our findings demonstrate that BnaCOL9 is a significant flowering inhibitor in rapeseed and may be employed as a crucial gene for early-maturing breeding.