Application of CRISPR in Filamentous Fungi and Macrofungi: From Component Function to Development Potentiality.

Fungi, particularly filamentous fungi and macrofungi, have a very powerful ability to produce secondary metabolites and can serve as excellent chassis cells for the production of enzymes or natural products of great value in synthetic biology. Thus, it is imperative to establish simple, reliable, and efficient techniques for their genetic modification. However, the heterokaryosis of some fungi and the dominance of nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) repair mechanisms in vivo have been greatly affecting the efficiency of fungal gene editing. In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been applied as a widely used gene editing technology in life science research and has also played an important role in the genetic modification of filamentous and macrofungi. The various functional components (cas9, sgRNA, promoter, and screening marker) of the CRISPR/Cas9 system and its development, as well as the difficulties and potential of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in filamentous fungus and macrofungi, are the main topics of this paper.