Fluid flow overcomes antimicrobial resistance by boosting delivery.

Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging global threat to humanity. As resistance outpaces development, new perspectives are required. For decades, scientists have prioritized chemical optimization, while largely ignoring the physical process of delivery. Here, we used biophysical simulations and microfluidic experiments to explore how fluid flow delivers antimicrobials into communities of the highly resistant pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa . We discover that increasing flow overcomes bacterial resistance towards three chemically distinct antimicrobials: hydrogen peroxide, gentamicin, and carbenicillin. Without flow, resistant P. aeruginosa cells generate local zones of depletion by neutralizing all three antimicrobials through degradation or chemical modification. As flow increases, delivery overwhelms neutralization, allowing antimicrobials to regain effectiveness against resistant bacteria. Additionally, we discover that cells on the edge of a community shield internal cells, and cell-cell shielding is abolished in higher flow regimes. Collectively, our quantitative experiments reveal the unexpected result that physical flow and chemical dosage are equally important to antimicrobial effectiveness. Thus, our results should inspire the incorporation of flow into the discovery, development, and implementation of antimicrobials, and could represent a new strategy to combat antimicrobial resistance.