Effects of Upper Body Exercise Training on Aerobic Fitness and Performance in Healthy People: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of upper body endurance training (UBET) on oxygen uptake (VO 2 ) in healthy persons and derive evidence-based recommendations to improve upper body fitness and performance. Methods : Databases were systematically searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines until 1 February 2023. Eligibility criteria included healthy male and female adults and older adults who underwent an UBET intervention. Outcomes of interest included physical fitness (VO 2peak and/ or VO 2 submax ) and transfer effects (i.e., effects from trained (VO 2peak ARM ) to untrained (VO 2peak LEG ) musculature). Results : The search identified 8293 records, out of which 27 studies reporting on 29 interventions met our eligibility criteria. The average duration of interventions was 6.8 ± 2.6 weeks with 3.2 ± 0.8 training sessions per week. For 21 of 29 interventions, significant increases in VO 2peak ARM were reported following UBET (+16.4% ± 8.3%). Three of the nine studies that analyzed transfer effects of untrained legs after upper body training exhibited significant increases in VO 2peak LEG (+9.3% ± 2.6%). Conclusions : This review showed that UBET is a beneficial and useful training modality to increase the oxygen utilization in the upper body. Although UBET is an uncommon form of endurance training in healthy individuals, transfer effects to the untrained muscles can be observed in isolated cases only, rendering transfer effects in UBET inconclusive. Further research should focus on the peripheral changes in muscle morphology of the trained muscles and central changes in cardiovascular function as well as when transfer effects can occur after UBET in healthy people.