Cytokine Profiling of Plasma and Atherosclerotic Plaques in Patients Undergoing Carotid Endarterectomy.

Atherosclerotic plaques are sites of chronic inflammation with diverse cell contents and complex immune signaling. Plaque progression and destabilization are driven by the infiltration of immune cells and the cytokines that mediate their interactions. Here, we attempted to compare the systemic cytokine profiles in the blood plasma of patients with atherosclerosis and the local cytokine production, using ex vivo plaque explants from the same patients. The developed method of 41-plex xMAP data normalization allowed us to differentiate twenty-two cytokines produced by the plaque that were not readily detectable in free circulation and six cytokines elevated in blood plasma that may have other sources than atherosclerotic plaque. To verify the xMAP data on the putative atherogenesis-driving chemokines MCP-1 (CCL2), MIP-1α (CCL3), MIP-1β (CCL4), RANTES (CCL5), and fractalkine (CX3CL1), qPCR was performed. The MIP1A ( CCL3 ), MIP1B ( CCL4 ), FKN ( CX3CL1 ) , and MCP1 ( CCL2 ) genes were expressed at high levels in the plaques, whereas RANTES ( CCL5 ) was almost absent. The expression patterns of the chemokines were restricted to the plaque cell types: the MCP1 ( CCL2 ) gene was predominantly expressed in endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages, MIP1A ( CCL3 ) in monocytes/macrophages, and MIP1B (CCL4) in monocytes/macrophages and T cells. RANTES ( CCL5 ) was restricted to T cells, while FKN ( CX3CL1 ) was not differentially expressed. Taken together, our data indicate a plaque-specific cytokine production profile that may be a useful tool in atherosclerosis studies.