DNA nanostructure decoration: A how-to tutorial.

DNA Nanotechnology is being applied to multiple research fields. The functionality of DNA nanostructures is significantly enhanced by decorating them with heterogeneous nanoscale moieties including: proteins, metallic nanoparticles, quantum dots, and chromophores. Decoration is a complex process and protocols for reliable attachment routinely require trial and error. Additionally, the granular nature of scientific communication makes it difficult to see the forest for the trees in DNA nanostructure decoration. This tutorial is a guidebook to limit experimental bottlenecks and avoid dead-ends when decorating DNA nanostructures. We supplement the reference material on available technical tools and procedures with a conceptual framework required to make efficient and effective decisions in the lab. Together these resources should aid both the novice and the expert to develop and execute a rapid, reliable decoration protocol.