3D Bioprinting of Hydrogels for Cartilage Tissue Engineering.

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging technology based on 3D digital imaging technology and multi-level continuous printing. The precise positioning of biological materials, seed cells, and biological factors, known as "additive biomanufacturing", can provide personalized therapy strategies in regenerative medicine. Over the last two decades, 3D bioprinting hydrogels have significantly advanced the field of cartilage and bone tissue engineering. This article reviews the development of 3D bioprinting and its application in cartilage tissue engineering, followed by a discussion of the current challenges and prospects for 3D bioprinting. This review presents foundational information on the future optimization of the design and manufacturing process of 3D additive biomanufacturing.