Overview of Ca 2+ signaling in lung cancer progression and metastatic lung cancer with bone metastasis.

Intracellular Ca 2+ ions that are thought to be one of the most important second messengers for cellular signaling, have a substantial diversity of roles in regulating a plethora of fundamental cellular physiology such as gene expression, cell division, cell motility and apoptosis. It has been suggestive of the Ca 2+ signaling-dependent cellular processes to be tightly regulated by the numerous types of Ca 2+ channels, pumps, exchangers and sensing receptors. Consequently, dysregulated Ca 2+ homeostasis leads to a series of events connected to elevated malignant phenotypes including uncontrolled proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis, all of which are frequently observed in advanced stage lung cancer cells. The incidence of bone metastasis in patients with advanced stage lung cancer is estimated in a range of 30% to 40%, bringing about a significant negative impact on both morbidity and survival. This review dissects and summarizes the important roles of Ca 2+ signaling transduction in contributing to lung cancer progression, and address the question: if and how Ca 2+ signaling might have been engaged in metastatic lung cancer with bone metastasis, thereby potentially providing the multifaceted and promising solutions for therapeutic intervention.