Guidelines and treatment for illicit drug related presentations in emergency departments: A scoping review.

Pharmacological interventions for patients with IDP and related symptoms were in accordance with guidelines. Use of restraints was identified in included studies with notable lack of reporting of de-escalation strategies which may have been deemed insignificant and not reported. Future research could investigate the appropriateness of restrictive interventions as well as the employment of non-restrictive de-escalation strategies.