Metformin in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Investigating Cardiovascular Impact and Nephroprotective Effects in Lupus Nephritis.

Patients with SLE not on metformin have a higher risk of developing LN, CKD, and MACEs compared with patients treated with metformin. Metformin's anti-inflammatory potential offers promise as a complementary therapy for SLE. Nonetheless, further research and clinical trials are needed to clarify its mechanisms, optimal dosage, and long-term effects.