Use of machine learning to predict bladder cancer survival outcomes: a systematic literature review.

ML holds promise for optimizing bladder cancer care through accurate OS predictions, but challenges related to data processing, feature selection, and data source quality must be resolved to develop robust models. While this review is limited by its inability to compare models across studies, this systematic review will inform decision making by various stakeholders to improve understanding of ML-based OS prediction in bladder cancer and foster interpretability of future models.