Prostaglandin E 2 attenuates lung fibroblast differentiation via inactivation of yes-associated protein signaling.

Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) has been implicated in counteracting fibroblast differentiation by TGFβ1 during pulmonary fibrosis. However, the precise mechanism is not well understood. We show here that PGE 2 via EP 2 R and EP 4 R inhibits the expression of mechanosensory molecules Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2), myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A), ECM proteins, plasminogen activation inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), fibronectin (FN), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and redox sensor (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4)) required for TGFβ1-mediated fibroblast differentiation. We further demonstrate that PGE 2 inhibits fibrotic signaling via Yes-associated protein (YAP) but does so independently from its actions on SMAD phosphorylation and conserved cylindromatosis (CYLD; deubiquitinase) expression. Mechanistically, PGE 2 phosphorylates/inactivates YAP downstream of EP 2 R/Gαs and restrains its translocation to the nucleus, thus inhibiting its interaction with TEA domain family members (TEADs) and transcription of fibrotic genes. Importantly, pharmacological or siRNA-mediated inhibition of YAP significantly downregulates TGFβ1-mediated fibrotic gene expression and myofibroblast formation. Notably, YAP expression is upregulated in the lungs of D. farinae-treated wild type (WT) mice relative to saline-treated WT mice. Our results unravel a unique role for PGE 2 -YAP interactions in fibroblast differentiation, and that PGE 2 /YAP inhibition can be used as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of pathological conditions associated with myofibroblasts like asthma.