Emotion Regulation by Psychological Distance and Level of Abstraction: Two Meta-Analyses.

Self-reflection is suggested to attenuate feelings, yet researchers disagree on whether adopting a distant or near perspective, or processing the experience abstractly or concretely, is more effective. Given the relationship between psychological distance and level of abstraction, we suggest the "construal-matching hypothesis": Psychological distance and abstraction differently influence emotion intensity, depending on whether the emotion's appraisal involves low-level or high-level construal. Two meta-analyses tested the effects of psychological distance ( k = 230) and level-of-abstraction ( k = 98) manipulations on emotional experience. A distant perspective attenuated emotional experience ( g = 0.52) but with weaker effects for high-level ( g = 0.29; for example, self-conscious emotions) than low-level emotions ( g = 0.64; for example, basic emotions). Level of abstraction only attenuated the experience of low-level emotions ( g = 0.2) and showed a reverse (nonsignificant) effect for high-level emotions ( g = -0.13). These results highlight differences between distancing and level-of-abstraction manipulations and the importance of considering the type of emotion experienced in emotion regulation.