The major biological function of the sperm cell is to transmit the paternal genetic and epigenetic information to the embryo as well as the following offspring. Sperm has a unique epigenome. An increasing body of epidemiological study supports that paternal stress induced by environmental exposures and lifestyle can modulate the sperm epigenome (including histone modification, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNA expression), sperm-egg fusion, embryo development, and offspring health. Based on the existing literature, we have summarized the paternal exposure on sperm epigenome along with the representative phenotypes of offspring and the possible mechanism involved.
Keyphrases
- dna methylation
- genome wide
- high fat diet
- gene expression
- copy number
- healthcare
- public health
- systematic review
- poor prognosis
- stem cells
- mental health
- air pollution
- health information
- single cell
- cell therapy
- type diabetes
- pregnant women
- stress induced
- insulin resistance
- risk assessment
- human health
- binding protein
- skeletal muscle
- health promotion
- life cycle