The Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods and Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease: The Health Examinees Study.

Emerging evidence links several health outcomes to the consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF), but few studies have investigated the association between UPF intake and kidney function. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in relation to UPF intake in Korea. Data were obtained from the 2004-2013 Health Examinees (HEXA) study. The intake of UPF was assessed using a 106-item food frequency questionnaire and evaluated using the NOVA classification. The prevalence of CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of <60 mL/min/m 2 . Poisson regression models were used to compute the prevalence ratios (PR) of CKD according to quartiles of the proportion of UPF intake (% food weight). A total of 134,544 (66.4% women) with a mean age of 52.0 years and an eGFR of 92.7 mL/min/m 2 were analysed. The median proportion of UPF in the diet was 5.6%. After adjusting for potential confounders, the highest quartile of UPF intake was associated with the highest prevalence of CKD (PR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07-1.25), and every IQR (6.6%) increase in the proportion of UPF in the diet was associated with a 6% higher prevalence of CKD (PR 1.06, 95% CI 1.03-1.09). Furthermore, the highest consumption of UPF was inversely associated with eGFR (Q4 vs. Q1: β -1.07, 95% CI -1.35, -0.79; per IQR increment: (β -0.45, 95% CI -0.58, -0.32). The intake of UPF was associated with a high prevalence of CKD and a reduced eGFR. Longitudinal studies in the Korean population are needed to corroborate existing findings in other populations.