Targeting the CTLA-4/B7 axes in glioblastoma: preclinical evidence and clinical interventions.
Mehrdad FathiSeyed-Mostafa RazaviMozhdeh SojoodiArmin AhmadiFarbod EbrahimiAfshin NamdarMohammad Hojjat-FarsangiSharareh GholaminFarhad Jadidi-NiaraghPublished in: Expert opinion on therapeutic targets (2022)
CTLA-4 could be a possible supplement for future cancer immunotherapies of GBM. However, many challenges remain such as the high toxicity of CTLA-4 blockers, and the unresponsiveness of most patients to immunotherapy. For the future clinical success of CTLA-4 blocker therapy, combination approaches with other targeted treatments would be a potentially effective strategy. Going forward, predictive biomarkers can be used to reduce trial timelines and increase the chance of success.
Keyphrases
- end stage renal disease
- ejection fraction
- newly diagnosed
- current status
- cancer therapy
- chronic kidney disease
- papillary thyroid
- angiotensin converting enzyme
- prognostic factors
- stem cells
- oxidative stress
- squamous cell carcinoma
- randomized controlled trial
- study protocol
- cell therapy
- patient reported outcomes
- phase ii
- bone marrow
- lymph node metastasis
- smoking cessation
- replacement therapy