Arabidopsis thaliana rosette habit is controlled by combined light and energy signaling converging on transcriptional control of the TALE homeobox gene ATH1.

In the absence of light signals, Arabidopsis plants fail to develop the rosette habit typical for this species. Instead, plants display caulescent growth due to elongation of rosette internodes. This aspect of photomorphogenic development has been paid little attention and molecular events involved, downstream of photoreceptor signaling, remain to be identified. Using a combination of genetic and molecular approaches, we show that Arabidopsis rosette habit is a photomorphogenic trait controlled by induction of ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA HOMEOBOX GENE1 (ATH1) as downstream target of multiple photoreceptors. ATH1 induction prevents rosette internode elongation by maintaining the shoot apical meristem (SAM) rib zone area inactive and requires inactivation of photomorphogenesis inhibitors, including PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) proteins. ATH1 activity results in tissue-specific inhibition of PIF expression, establishing double-negative feedback-regulation at the SAM. Light-requirement for ATH1 expression can be overcome by high sugar availability to the SAM. Both sugar and light signals that induce ATH1 and, subsequently, rosette habit are mediated by TOR kinase. Collectively, our data reveal a SAM-specific, double-negative ATH1-PIF feedback loop at the basis of rosette habit. Upstream, TOR kinase functions as central hub integrating light and energy signals that control this for Arabidopsis quintessential trait.