Oxygen-Independent Radiodynamic Therapy: Radiation-Boosted Chemodynamics for Reprogramming the Tumor Immune Environment and Enhancing Antitumor Immune Response.

Radiodynamic therapy (RDT) has emerged as a promising modality for cancer treatment, offering notable advantages such as deep tissue penetration and radiocatalytic generation of oxygen free radicals. However, the oxygen-dependent nature of RDT imposes limitations on its efficacy in hypoxic conditions, particularly in modulating and eliminating radioresistant immune suppression cells. A novel approach involving the creation of a "super" tetrahedron polyoxometalate (POM) cluster, Fe 12 -POM, has been developed for radiation boosted chemodynamic catalysis to enable oxygen-independent RDT in hypoxic conditions. This nanoscale cluster comprises four P 2 W 15 units functioning as energy antennas, while the Fe 3 core serves as an electron receptor and catalytic center. Under X-ray radiation, a metal-to-metal charge transfer phenomenon occurs between P 2 W 15 and the Fe 3 core, resulting in the valence transition of Fe 3+ to Fe 2+ and a remarkable 139-fold increase in hydroxyl radical generation compared to Fe 12 -POM alone. The rapid generation of hydroxyl radicals, in combination with PD-1 therapy, induces a reprogramming of the immune environment within tumors. This reprogramming is characterized by upregulation of CD80/86, downregulation of CD163 and FAP, as well as the release of interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Consequently, the occurrence of abscopal effects is facilitated, leading to significant regression of both local and distant tumors in mice. The development of oxygen-independent RDT represents a promising approach to address cancer recurrence and improve treatment outcomes.