Adaptogenic potential of ginsenosides against domoic acid-induced toxicity by regulating neuronal stress and kinate receptors: Ex vivo and in silico studies.
Edavalath Methal RamyaGarlapati Phani KumarChandra Sekhar YadavalliKandangath Raghavan AnilakumarPublished in: Journal of food biochemistry (2022)
This study is focused on potential effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng (PG) against amnesic shell fish poison, that is, domoic acid-induced excitotoxicity. Mice received PG at two different dosages by oral feeding for a period of 28 days (50 and 100 mg kg -1 bwt. -1 ). Domoic acid was injected to the mice to induce excitotoxicity (DA; 3 mg kg -1 bwt. -1 ) and piracetam-injected animals (PIR; 100 mg kg -1 bwt. -1 ) were treated as positive control. DA-induced cognitive impairment was reverted by PG supplementation, which was observed in Morris water maze and novel object task. Moreover, PG supplementation restored levels of GABA and antioxidant enzymes. Our results further elucidated ameliorative effects of PG supplementation on DA-induced changes in the expression of synaptic plasticity (BDNF), inflammation (NFkB), and apoptotic (Bcl2, Bax, and Caspase 3) markers. Hence, this study elucidates potential nootropic effects of ginsenosides from P. ginseng extract against DA-induced neuronal impairments via, modulation of behavioral and biochemical mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and apoptosis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This study highlights potential effects of ginsenosides from Panax ginseng against amnesic shell fish poison, that is, domoic acid-induced excitotoxicity for the first time. This study confirms that ginsenosides have the beneficial effects against amelioration of DA-induced toxicity. This study elucidates the potential nootropic effects of P. ginseng extract against DA-induced neuronal impairments via, modulation of synaptic plasticity markers and oxido-inflammatory responses leading to apoptosis. This study will be helpful in offering various mechanisms involved in pharmacological applications of P. ginseng in the management of DA-induced excitotoxicity.
Keyphrases
- oxidative stress
- diabetic rats
- cell death
- cognitive impairment
- type diabetes
- dna damage
- high glucose
- risk assessment
- metabolic syndrome
- endoplasmic reticulum stress
- climate change
- ischemia reperfusion injury
- adipose tissue
- drug induced
- signaling pathway
- brain injury
- induced apoptosis
- insulin resistance
- poor prognosis
- stress induced
- blood brain barrier
- newly diagnosed
- long non coding rna
- high fat diet induced
- wild type
- case control
- cell cycle arrest